Ophthalmic compositions comprising latanoprost for use in the treatment of ocular diseases

ABSTRACT

The invention provides a pharmaceutical composition for use in the prevention or therapy of glaucoma, increased intraocular pressure, ocular hypertension and/or a symptom associated therewith, wherein—the composition comprises latanoprost and a liquid vehicle comprising a semifluorinated alkane; and—the composition is administered to the eye of a subject; and—the amount of latanoprost administered in a single dose per eye is in the range of from about 0.5 to 1.4 μg.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to the field of pharmacotherapy. More specifically, it relates to the treatment of diseases and conditions affecting the eye such as glaucoma, increased intraocular pressure, ocular hypertension and/or a symptom associated therewith.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Increased intraocular pressure is a frequent disorder of the eye which is often associated with optic nerve damage, in which case the disease is glaucoma. In the absence of optic nerve damage, the condition is referred to as ocular hypertension.

Normal intraocular pressure is usually defined as being in the range from 10 to 21 mmHg. The pressure results predominantly from balance between the production rate and the drainage rate of the aqueous humour in the eye. In addition, it is influenced by the corneal thickness and rigidity. The intraocular pressure typically fluctuates around about 15 to 16 mmHg with amplitudes of up to 6 mmHg. For example, it usually decreases in the night due to a decreased production of aqueous humour. It also responds to various physiological factors such as exercise, heart rate, respiration, fluid intake, as well as certain types of systemic or topical drugs.

The aqueous humour is produced by the ciliary bodies of the eye, from where it flows into the posterior chamber. The composition of the aqueous humour is very similar to that of blood plasma but differs from the latter by a lower protein content. Its main constituents are water (99%), electrolytes (inorganic ions to maintain the physiological pH), low amounts of albumin and β-globulins, ascorbate, glucose, lactate, and amino acids.

From the posterior chamber, the aqueous humour is distributed via the pupil of the iris into the anterior chamber of the eye. From here, it flows through the so-called trabecular meshwork, which is a spongy tissue area lined by trabeculocytes whose main function is to drain the humour into a set of tubes called Schlemm's canal, from where the humour enters the blood circulation. The humour flow from the trabecular meshwork into the Schlemm's canal occurs via two different routes: either directly via the aqueous vein to the episcleral vein, or indirectly via collector channels to the episcleral vein by intrascleral plexus. This trabecular outflow pathway accounts for the major fraction of drained aqueous humour. In addition, there exists a second major drainage pathway which is the uveoscleral outflow, which is relatively independent of the intraocular pressure and normally accounts for only 5 to 10% of the aqueous humour drainage in healthy humans.

Both in the trabecular meshwork and in the uveoscleral tissue, various prostanoid receptors have been found, which indicates that prostanoids are involved in the regulation of aqueous humour production and/or drainage and thereby influence the intraocular pressure. In the trabecular network, genes encoding the EP, FP, IP, DP and TP receptor families are expressed, whereas the EP and FP receptor families are dominant in the uveoscleral tissue (Toris et al., Sury Ophthalmol. 2008; 53, Suppl. 1, S107-S120).

Prostanoids are physiological fatty acid derivatives representing a subclass of eicosanoids. They comprise prostaglandins, prostamides, thromboxanes, and prostacyclins, all of which compounds are mediators involved in numerous physiological processes. Natural prostaglandins such as PGF_(2α), PGE₂, PGD₂, and PGI₂ exhibit a particular affinity to their respective receptors (FP, EP, DP, IP), but also have some non-selective affinity for other prostaglandin receptors (ibid.). Prostaglandins also have direct effects on matrix metalloproteinases. These are neutral proteinases expressed in the trabecular meshwork which play a role in controlling humour outflow resistance by degrading the extracellular matrix.

Several prostaglandin analogues have been found effective as topically administered medicines in reducing the intraocular pressure, such as latanoprost, bimatoprost, tafluprost, travoprost and unoprostone. By some experts, bimatoprost is understood as a prostamide rather than prostaglandin derivative.

Latanoprost, travoprost, tafluprost and probably also bimatoprost are potent and selective PGF_(2α), agonists. Their net effect is a reduction of intraocular pressure, which is predominantly caused by a substantial increase in aqueous humour drainage via the uveoscleral pathway. Probably they also increase the trabecular outflow to some degree.

Various eye drop formulations comprising prostaglandin analogues have been developed and are commercially available. Latanoprost and travoprost are provided as buffered, isotonised, preserved aqueous solutions in multidose bottles having a strength of 50 μg/mL (0.005%) and 40 μg/mL (0.004%), respectively. Tafluprost is available in a similar preserved formulations as well as in a non-preserved formulation in single-dose containers. The tafluprost formulations have a strength of 15 μg/mL (0.0015%) and additionally contain the surfactant, polysorbate 80. Bimatoprost is also marketed as a buffered, isotonised, and preserved aqueous solution; its strength is 0.3 mg/mL (0.03%). The strength of the commercial unoprostone formulation is 1.5 mg/mL (0.15%). It contains buffer, a preservative, an isotonising agent, and polysorbate 80.

However, preserved aqueous formulations for ophthalmic use are disadvantageous in that they are capable of producing irritancies or hypersensitivity reaction, in particular in long-term use, such as in glaucoma therapy. The most common preservative in the formulations mentioned above is benzalkonium chloride, a quaternary ammonium compound which is associated with frequent irritant toxic reactions. Non-preserved single use containers avoid this disadvantage, but they are expensive. Not only do they require a container for each single dose, but also an overfill of the formulation, which means that a substantial fraction (if not most) of the actual medicine remains in the container and is discharged as waste. Considering the drug in an eye drop which is actually administered into the eye, only a fraction of that becomes effective due to the limited volume capacity of the lacrimal sac: a significant fraction of the administered fluid volume is expelled by the blinking of the eyelids, and another fraction is taken up systemically via the nasolacrimal duct, which potentially leads to adverse drug effects.

In spite of the preservative contained in the currently available formulation of latanoprost, there have been reports of bacterial keratitis caused by microbiological contamination of the product assumingly by the patients themselves, indicating that the microbiological safety of the product is only relative.

Xalatan® (latanoprost) 0.005% eye drops solution and associated names has been approved in several EU Member States since 1996 for the reduction of elevated intraocular pressure in adult patients with open angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension. Xalatan is a sterile, isotonic, buffered aqueous solution of latanoprost at a concentration of 50 μg/mL. One drop of the aqueous solution contains approximately 1.5 μg of latanoprost and is intended for topical administration to the eye. Xalatan is supplied in a 5 mL plastic ophthalmic dispenser bottle containing 2.5 mL of Xalatan corresponding to approximately 80 drops of solution. Each mL of Xalatan contains 50 μg latanoprost, and further comprises water for injection and benzalkonium chloride as a preservative. The recommended daily dose for adults is one eye drop (corresponding to approximately 1.5 μg of latanoprost) to be administered to the affected eye (s), with an optimal effect obtained if administered in the evening.

WO2011/113855 A2 discloses pharmaceutical compositions for the treatment of increased intraocular pressure based on semifluorinated alkanes which are useful as carriers for a broad range of active ingredients. Preferred active ingredients include poorly water-soluble prostaglandin analogues such as, for example latanoprost, bimatoprost, tafluprost, travoprost and unoprostone. The compositions can be administered topically into the eye.

It is an object of the present invention to provide a novel pharmaceutical composition which is useful in a method of prevention or therapy of glaucoma, increased intraocular pressure, ocular hypertension or a symptom associated therewith, which overcomes at least one of the limitations or disadvantages associated with prior art formulations. In a specific aspect, it is an object of the invention to provide an ophthalmic composition which has the capacity to incorporate substantial amounts of poorly water-soluble drug substances useful in the management of glaucoma, increased intraocular pressure, ocular hypertension or a symptom associated therewith. Further objects of the invention will become clear on the basis of the following description, examples, and patent claims.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In a first aspect, the invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition for use in the prevention or therapy of glaucoma, increased intraocular pressure, ocular hypertension and/or a symptom associated therewith, wherein

-   -   the composition comprises latanoprost and a liquid vehicle         comprising a semifluorinated alkane; and     -   the composition is administered to the eye of a subject; and     -   the amount of latanoprost administered in a single dose per eye         is in the range of from about 0.5 to 1.4 μg.

In a further aspect, the present invention provides a kit comprising a pharmaceutical composition for use according to the first aspect of the invention, wherein the kit comprises a container for holding the pharmaceutical composition and a drop dispenser for administering the composition.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows the results of two tests of the experimental animal study (dog) further outlined below, in which the pharmacodynamics with regard to intraocular pressure (IOP) after repeated topical ocular administration of latanoprost has been investigated.

FIG. 2 shows the results of a head to head comparison of a composition comprising latanoprost in F6H8 administered to the right eye (OD) of a test animal versus Xalatan® administered to the left eye (OS) of the same test animal.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

In a first aspect, the present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition for use in the prevention or therapy of glaucoma, increased intraocular pressure, ocular hypertension and/or a symptom associated therewith, wherein

-   -   the composition comprises latanoprost and a liquid vehicle         comprising a semifluorinated alkane; and     -   the composition is administered to the eye of a subject; and     -   the amount of latanoprost administered in a single dose per eye         is in the range of from about 0.5 to 1.4 μg.

The pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention is useful for the treatment or prevention of glaucoma and/or a symptom associated therewith, for example such as the symptoms described below. Glaucoma as understood herein is a term for eye conditions which damage the optic nerve, and which can lead to a loss of vision. The primary division in categorizing different types of glaucoma is open-angle and closed-angle (or angle-closure) glaucoma. The open angle refers to the angle where the iris meets the cornea being as wide and open as it should be, allowing the fluid from inside the eye to drain, thus relieving the internal pressure. Where this angle is narrowed or closed, pressure can build up, and eventually damage the optic nerve leading to loss of vision.

The pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention is also useful for the treatment or prevention of increased intraocular pressure (IOP) and/or a symptom associated therewith, for example such as the symptoms described below. IOP as understood herein constitutes a major risk factor for the development of glaucoma. IOP is the main cause of damage to the optic nerve and is charachterized by an excessive fluid pressure within the eye, which can be due to various reasons including blockage of drainage ducts, and narrowing or closure of the angle between the iris and cornea. Elevated IOP represents a major risk factor for glaucomatous field loss. The higher the level of IOP, the greater the likelihood of optic nerve damage and visual field loss.

Furthermore, the pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention is useful for the treatment or prevention of ocular hypertension and/or a symptom associated therewith, for example such as the symptoms described below. The term ocular hypertension as understood herein denotes the presence of elevated fluid pressure inside the eye, usually, however, with no optic nerve damage or visual field loss. Elevated intraocular pressure is an important risk factor for glaucoma. For most individuals, the normal range of intraocular pressure is between 10 mmHg and 21 mmHg. Most individuals with consistently elevated intraocular pressures of greater than 21 mmHg, particularly if they have other risk factors, are therefore usually treated in an effort to prevent vision loss from glaucoma which may result from ongoing ocular hypertension. Ocular hypertension may be considered as a result of an imbalance between the fluid that enters the eye through the ciliary body and the fluid that exits the eye through the trabecular meshwork.

The composition for the use according to the present invention comprises the active ingredient latanoprost with the empirical formula C₂₆H₄₀O₅ and molecular weight of 432.593 g/mol (CAS Number 130209-82-4). Latanoprost is an ester prodrug that is activated to the free acid in the cornea. It is a prostaglandin F2-alpha analogue, more specifically a prostanoid selective FP receptor agonist that is believed to reduce the intraocular pressure (IOP) by increasing the outflow of aqueous humour. Studies in animals and man suggest that the main mechanism of action is increased uveoscleral outflow.

In preferred embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition for the use according to the present invention comprises about 0.005% to about 0.015% (w/v) latanoprost, more preferably about 0.008% to about 0.015% (w/v) and most preferably about 0.008% to about 0.012% (w/v) of the active compound latanoprost. In another preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition for the use according to the present invention comprises about 0.010% (w/v) of the active ingredient latanoprost.

Unless otherwise indicated, the term “% (w/v)” as used throughout herein in connection with the present pharmaceutical composition denotes the amount of a component of a composition (such as, for example, latanoprost) as a weight percentage in relation to the total volume of the composition (with ‘w’ denoting the weight and ‘v’ denoting volume). For example 0.05% (w/v) may be understood as relating to 0.5 mg of a component in 1 mL of the composition, and 0.1% (w/v) would correspond to 1.0 mg of a component in 1 mL of the composition. Unless otherwise indicated, the term “% (w/w)” refers to the amount of a component of a composition as a weight percentage in relation to the total weight of the composition (with ‘w’ denoting weight).

The term ‘about’ as used herein and in reference or connection to a parameter, for example such as the concentration of latanoprost dissolved in the composition or the amount of latanoprost featured in a single dose of the composition, includes the precise value as defined, as well as any value falling within the degree of variability usually observed in measuring or determining these parameters using the standard techniques and equipment known in the art and field.

The pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention further comprises a liquid vehicle comprising a semifluorinated alkane. The active component latanoprost as described above may be dissolved or suspended, preferably dissolved in the liquid vehicle comprising a semifluorinated alkane as described below. The term “semifluorinated alkane” or “SFA” used synonymously throughout herein denotes a compound consisting of a perfluorinated hydrocarbon segment attached to a non-fluorinated hydrocarbon segment. Both segments may be branched or linear. Preferably, however, both segments are unbranched, linear segments.

In preferred embodiments, the liquid vehicle of the present pharmaceutical composition comprises a semifluorinated alkane or a mixture of two or more different semifluorinated alkanes. Preferably, however, the liquid vehicle of the present pharmaceutical composition comprises just one semifluorinated alkane.

In the present invention, preferred semifluorinated alkanes are those of the general formula (I)

CF₃(CF₂)_(n)(CH₂)_(m)CH₃  (I),

wherein the index n is an integer selected from 3 to 5, and m is an integer selected from 4 to 7.

An alternative nomenclature for the specified semifluorinated alkanes as noted in parentheses below and as may be further used herein, is based on the general formula FnHm, wherein F means the linear perfluorinated hydrocarbon segment, H means the linear non-fluorinated hydrocarbon segment and n, m is the number of carbon atoms of the respective segment. For example, F4H5 may be used to denote 1-perfluorobutyl-pentane or CF₃(CF₂)₃—(CH₂)₄CH₃ (which may be also, alternatively expressed as formula F(CF₂)₄(CH₂)₅H), which has a linear perfluorinated segment F with four carbons (n=4) and a linear non-fluorinated hydrocarbon segment with five carbons (m=5). Furthermore, F6H8 may be used to denote 1-perfluorohexyl-octane or CF₃(CF₂)₅—(CH₂)₇CH₃ (which may be also, alternatively expressed as formula F(CF₂)₆(CH₂)₈H), which has a linear perfluorinated segment F with six carbons (n=6) and a linear non-fluorinated hydrocarbon segment with 8 carbons (m=8).

Accordingly, said semifluorinated alkane as used in the composition of the present invention may be selected from CF₃(CF₂)₃—(CH₂)₄CH₃ (F4H5), CF₃(CF₂)₃—(CH₂)₅CH₃ (F4H6), CF₃(CF₂)₃—(CH₂)₆CH₃ (F4H7), CF₃(CF₂)₃—(CH₂)₇CH₃ (F4H8), CF₃(CF₂)₄—(CH₂)₄CH₃ (F5H5), CF₃(CF₂)₄—(CH₂)₅CH₃ (F5H6), CF₃(CF₂)₄—(CH₂)₆CH₃ (F5H7), CF₃(CF₂)₄—(CH₂)₇CH₃ (F5H8), CF₃(CF₂)₅—(CH₂)₄CH₃ (F6H5), CF₃(CF₂)₅—(CH₂)₅CH₃ (F6H6), CF₃(CF₂)₅—(CH₂)₆CH₃ (F6H7) and CF₃(CF₂)₅—(CH₂)₇CH₃ (F6H8). More preferably, said semifluorinated alkane may be selected from CF₃(CF₂)₃—(CH₂)₄CH₃ (F4H5) and CF₃(CF₂)₅—(CH₂)₇CH₃ (F6H8).

In a preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition for the use according to the present invention comprises a semifluorinated alkane of formula (I) which is selected from 1-perfluorohexyl-octane (CF₃(CF₂)₅—(CH₂)₇CH₃ (F6H8)) and 1-perfluorobutyl-pentane (CF₃(CF₂)₃—(CH₂)₄CH₃ (F4H5)). In a particular preferred embodiment of the present invention, the semifluorinated alkane of formula (I) is 1-perfluorohexyl-octane (CF₃(CF₂)₅(CH₂)₇CH₃, (F6H8)).

The liquid SFA's as described above are chemically and physiologically inert, colourless and stable. Their typical densities range from 1.1 to 1.7 g/cm³, and their surface tension may be as low as 19 mN/m. SFA's of the FnHmtype are insoluble in water but also somewhat amphiphilic, with increasing lipophilicity correlating with an increasing size of the non-fluorinated segment.

It has been found by the inventors that SFA's are particularly suitable as carriers or vehicles in ophthalmic compositions. This is based on the fact that SFA's are unexpectedly well-tolerated by the eye, as shown in preclinical testing. This is very surprising as organic or non-aqueous solvents, perhaps with the exception of oily compounds, are typically very irritating or even highly damaging when administered to an eye.

The pharmaceutical composition or the liquid vehicle of the invention comprising “a” semifluorinated alkane is to be understood herein, as comprising at least one semifluorinated alkane of Formula (I) as described above. Optionally, however, the composition or liquid vehicle may comprise more than one, for example, a mixture of two or more semifluorinated alkanes of Formula (I), i.e. of any one of the semifluorinated alkane species as described above.

In yet further embodiment, the liquid vehicle of the present pharmaceutical composition may consist of a semifluorinated alkane of Formula (I) as specified above. In this context, the term “a” semifluorinated alkane is to be understood as at least one semifluorinated alkane, but may also include the option of more than one, or a plurality of semifluorinated alkane compounds. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the liquid vehicle may consist of more than one semifluorinated alkane of Formula (I) as specified above.

As used herein, the term “consists” and related terms “consisting” or “consist” is to be understood as meaning that no other features, other than those prefaced by the term are present. In the context of compositions, if any other constituent or component is present in the composition other than those prefaced by such term, then it is present only in trace or residual amounts such as to confer no technical advantage or relevance in respect of the object of the invention, such as may be further understood by the term ‘essentially” or “substantially” used in conjunction with these terms (e.g. ‘essentially consisting of”). It is to be understood that isomeric or olefinic impurities that originate from synthesis of semifluorinated alkanes and that are present in only trace or residual amounts as these cannot be quantitatively removed upon purification and that do not confer any technical advantage or relevance in respect of the object of the present invention, do fall under the above definition of such other constituent or component. In contrast, the term ‘comprising” or related terms “comprises” or “comprise” in the context of the present compositions, is to be understood as meaning that other features, other than those prefaced by the term may be present in the composition.

In further embodiment, the liquid vehicle of the present pharmaceutical composition as defined in any of the previous embodiments described above, preferably comprises a semifluorinated alkane or, optionally, a mixture of semifluorinated alkanes in an amount of at least 70% (w/w), 75% (w/w), 85% (w/w), 90% (w/w), 95% (w/w), 98% (w/w), 98.5% (w/w), 99% (w/w), 99.5% (w/w), 99.8% (w/w) or at least 99.9% (w/w), with respect to the total weight of the liquid vehicle. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the liquid vehicle comprises at least 97.5% (w/w) of a semifluorinated alkane with respect to the total weight of the liquid vehicle.

The term “% (w/w)” as used herein and unless indicated otherwise refers to the amount of a component of a composition as a weight percentage in relation to the total weight of the liquid vehicle of the present pharmaceutical composition (with ‘w’ denoting weight).

In yet further embodiments of the present invention, the liquid vehicle preferably comprises a semifluorinated alkane or, optionally, a mixture of semifluorinated alkanes as described above in an amount of from about 90% (w/w) to about 99.9% (w/w), more preferably from about 95% (w/w) or 97% (w/w) or 97.5% (w/w) to about 99.5% (w/w) with respect to the total weight of the liquid vehicle. In a most preferred embodiment of the present invention, the liquid vehicle comprises a semifluorinated alkane in an amount of from about 97.5% (w/w) to about 99.5% (w/w) with respect to the total weight of the liquid vehicle.

In further embodiments, the present pharmaceutical composition, more specifically, the liquid vehicle of the present pharmaceutical composition may further comprise a solubilising agent. The term “solubilizing agent” as used herein denotes a compound or combination of compounds that enhances or facilitates the solubility of the active component latanoprost in the chosen liquid vehicle comprising a semifluorinated alkane as described above. In preferred embodiments, as already mentioned above, latanoprost is completely dissolved in the liquid vehicle comprising a semifluorinated alkane and optionally a solubilizing agent.

The solubilizing agent, that may be optionally comprised by the liquid vehicle of the present pharmaceutical composition, may preferably be present in an amount of up to 3% (w/w), or preferably of up to 2.5% (w/w) with respect to the total weight of the liquid vehicle. In a preferred embodiment, the liquid vehicle comprises a solubilising agent in amounts as low as up to 1% (w/w), preferably up to 0.5% (w/w) with respect to the total weight of the liquid vehicle. In another preferred embodiment, the liquid vehicle further comprises a solubilising agent in an amount of from about 2.5% to 0.5% (w/w), preferably of from about 1% to 0.5% (w/w) with respect to the weight of the liquid vehicle.

In some embodiments, the solubilizing agent may be a liquid excipient such as, for example, an organic cosolvent and/or an oil selected from glyceride oils, liquid waxes and liquid paraffin, or an organic solvent exhibiting a high degree of biocompatibility.

Examples of potentially useful liquid excipients comprise oily excipients which may be used in combination with one or more SFA's and include triglyceride oils, mineral oil, medium chain triglycerides (MCT), oily fatty acids isopropyl myristate, oily fatty alcohols, esters of sorbitol and fatty acids, oily sucrose esters or any other substance which is physiologically tolerated by the eye. In one of the preferred embodiment, the liquid vehicle comprises a solubilizing agent in form of a liquid excipient. In this case it is even more preferred that the liquid excipient is MCT, preferably at a concentration of up to 3% (w/w), more preferably of up to 2.5% (w/w) with regard to the total weight of the liquid vehicle.

Further examples of potentially useful solubilizing agents as used herein are organic solvents. Preferred organic solvents include glycerol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol and ethanol. In a preferred embodiment, the liquid vehicle of the present composition may comprise diethylene glycol monoethyl ether (DEGEE) as the solubilizing agent, preferably in an amount of up to 1.5% (w/w), more preferably of up to 1% (w/w) with regard to the weight of the liquid vehicle of the present pharmaceutical composition.

In yet further preferred embodiment, the liquid vehicle of the present pharmaceutical composition may comprise ethanol as the solubilizing agent, preferably in an amount of up to 1% (w/w), more preferably of up to 0.8% (w/w) and most preferred of up to 0.5% (w/w) with regard to the weight of the liquid vehicle of the present pharmaceutical composition.

Accordingly, in preferred embodiments, the liquid vehicle of the present pharmaceutical composition further comprises a solubilizing agent. Preferably the solubilising agent is selected from ethanol, MCT and DEGEE.

The pharmaceutical composition for the use according to the present invention may or may not also comprise further excipients, such as, for example, preservatives, more specifically preservatives and/or surfactants. In a preferred embodiment, however, the pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention is substantially free of a preservative.

In a preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition for use according to the present invention is substantially free of water. As understood herein, the term ‘substantially free’, or alternatively ‘essentially free’ in reference to a composition constituent refers to the presence of said constituent in no more than trace amounts and that if present in trace amounts the constituent provides no technical contribution to the composition.

In a yet further preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition for the use according to the present invention is substantially free of water and of a preservative.

In a particularly preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition for the use according to the present invention comprises latanoprost dissolved in a liquid vehicle essentially consisting of at least 99% (w/w) of 1-perfluorobutyl-pentane (CF₃(CF₂)₃—(CH₂)₄CH₃ (F4H5)) or 1-perfluorohexyl-octane (CF₃(CF₂)₅—(CH₂)₇CH₃ (F6H8)) and up to 1% (w/w) of ethanol with respect to the total weight of the liquid vehicle.

In a further preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition for the use according to the present invention comprises latanoprost dissolved in a liquid vehicle essentially consisting of at least 99.5% (w/w) of 1-perfluorobutyl-pentane (CF₃(CF₂)₃—(CH₂)₄CH₃ (F4H5)) or 1-perfluorohexyl-octane (CF₃(CF₂)₅—(CH₂)₇CH₃ (F6H8)) and up to 0.5% (w/w) of ethanol with respect to the total weight of the liquid vehicle.

In a further preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition for the use according to the present invention comprises latanoprost dissolved in a liquid vehicle essentially consisting of at least 99.5% (w/w) of 1-perfluorohexyl-octane (CF₃(CF₂)₅—(CH₂)₇CH₃ (F6H8)) and up to 0.5% (w/w) of ethanol with respect to the total weight of the liquid vehicle.

In a more preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition for the use according to the present invention essentially consists of latanoprost dissolved in a liquid vehicle essentially consisting of at least 99.5% (w/w) of 1-perfluorohexyl-octane (CF₃(CF₂)₅—(CH₂)₇CH₃ (F6H8)) and up to 0.5% (w/w) of ethanol with respect to the total weight of the liquid vehicle.

As outlined above, the composition for the use of the present invention is preferably provided as a clear solution, wherein the latanoprost is fully dissolved in the chosen liquid vehicle. Furthermore, the composition for the use according to the present invention is preferably provided in sterile form.

The pharmaceutical composition for use according to the present invention comprising latanoprost and a liquid vehicle comprising a semifluorinated alkane may be administered topically to the eye of a subject or may be administered to the eye of a subject by subconjunctival injection. In a preferred embodiment, however, the pharmaceutical composition for use according to the present invention is administered topically to the eye of the subject.

The term “administered topically” as used herein comprises all possible methods of administration which allow the present liquid pharmaceutical composition to be brought in contact with a surface of the eye of a subject. Typically, the present pharmaceutical composition may be administered in the form of a single drop or a plurality of drops or droplets to an eye of a subject. The drop may be administered to the surface of the eye, preferably to any surface region or tissue of the eye that is accessible to topical administration or instillation, for example to the cornea or conjunctiva. The drop or droplet of the composition may be instilled directly onto a surface of the eye, such as the corneal surface of the eye, or alternatively into a space i.e. sac or pocket formed by gently pulling down of the lower eyelid of an eye.

The term “subconjunctival injection” as used herein means any form of injection of the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention below the conjunctiva of the eye of a subject. This may comprise injection of the present pharmaceutical composition by suitable syringes. The term subconjunctivital injection may also comprise injection by a medical device or insert to be inserted below the conjunctiva, e.g. through an generated opening in the conjunctiva.

As used herein, the term ‘administration to an eye’ or ‘per eye’ refers to the administration of a given dose, e.g. a single dose, of a pharmaceutical composition for the use according to the invention to an individual eye of a subject. The therapy of the ocular diseases as described herein, namely glaucoma, increased intraocular pressure, ocular hypertension and/or a symptom associated therewith, however, should be understood as being not limited to the treatment of a single eye in a subject, but as being also inclusive of a therapy involving the administration of the composition for the use according to the present invention to each i.e. both eyes of a subject which are affected by said diseases.

The term “subject” as used herein means a human or animal, preferably however a human, suffering from, diagnosed with or endangered by devoloping glaucoma, increased intraocular pressure, ocular hypertension and/or a symptom associated therewith.

The pharmaceutical composition for use according to the present invention comprising latanoprost and a liquid vehicle comprising a semifluorinated alkane is further characterized in that the amount of latanoprost administered in a single dose per eye is in the range of from about 0.5 to 1.4 μg. In a preferred embodiment, however, the amount of latanoprost administered in a single dose per eye is in the range of from about 0.7 to 1.4 μg, preferably from about 1.0 to 1.2 μg, even more preferably about 1.1 μg.

The pharmaceutical composition for use according to the present invention forms small droplets (drops). In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the volume of the composition administered in a single dose per eye, herein referred to as composition “target dose volume per eye”, is in the range of about 6 to 28 μl, more preferably in the range of about 6 to 24 μl, and most preferably in the range of about 6 to 15 μl, when administered from a suitable drop dispenser. In another preferred embodiment of the present invention, the pharmaceutical composition for the use according to the present invention has a composition target dose volume per eye in the range of about 8 to 15 μl, preferably in the range of about 9 to 14 μl, most preferably in the range of about 10 to 12 μl. In a most preferred embodiment of the present invention, the composition target dose volume per eye is about 11 μl. This further distinguishes the composition of the present invention from the aqueous latanoprost compositions such as, for example, Xalatan, that are characterized by droplet sizes of about 30 μl.

Accordingly, in preferred embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition for use in the prevention or therapy of glaucoma, increased intraocular pressure, ocular hypertension and/or a symptom associated therewith, wherein the composition comprises latanoprost and a liquid vehicle comprising a semifluorinated alkane; and wherein the composition is administered to the eye of a subject; and wherein the amount of latanoprost administered in a single dose per eye is in the range of from about 0.5 to 1.4 μg, the amount of latanoprost to be administered in a single dose per eye is provided in a defined volume of the pharmaceutical composition (hereinafter referred to as “composition target dose volume per eye”). In further preferred embodiments, the composition target dose volume per eye (containing the amount of latanoprost to be administered in a single dose per eye) is 30 μl or below, preferably lower than 25 μl, more preferably lower than 15 μl.

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the pharmaceutical composition for use according to the present invention comprises about 0.005% to 0.015% (w/v) latanoprost and a liquid vehicle comprising a semifluorinated alkane; the composition is administered to the eye of a subject; and the amount of latanoprost administered in a single dose per eye is in the range of from about 1.0 to 1.2 μg.

In another preferred embodiment of the present invention, the pharmaceutical composition for use according to the present invention comprises about 0.008% to 0.015% (w/v) latanoprost and a liquid vehicle comprising a semifluorinated alkane; the composition is administered to the eye of a subject; and the amount of latanoprost administered in a single dose per eye is in the range of from about 1.0 to 1.2 μg.

In another preferred embodiment of the present invention, the pharmaceutical composition for use according to the present invention comprises about 0.008% to 0.012% (w/v) latanoprost and a liquid vehicle comprising a semifluorinated alkane; the composition is administered to the eye of a subject; and the amount of latanoprost administered in a single dose per eye is in the range of from about 1.0 to 1.2 μg.

In a particularly preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition for the use according to the present invention comprises about 0.008% to about 0.012% (w/v) latanoprost, and the latanoprost administered in a single dose per eye is about 1.1 μg.

In another preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition for use according to the present invention comprises about 0.010% (w/v) latanoprost and a liquid vehicle comprising a semifluorinated alkane, wherein the composition is administered to the eye of a subject, and wherein the latanoprost administered in a single dose per eye is about 1.1 μg and the target does volume per eye is about 11 μl.

In a most preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition for use according to the present invention comprises latanoprost and a liquid vehicle comprising a semifluorinated alkane, wherein the composition is administered to the eye of a subject, wherein the amount of latanoprost administered in a single dose per eye is in the range of from about 1.0 to about 1.2 μg and the target dose volume per eye is in the range of from about 6 to 24 μl, preferably from about 6 to 15 μl, more preferably from about 8 to 15 μl, even more preferably from about 10 to 12 μl, most preferably 11 μl.

Accordingly, in preferred embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition for use according to the present invention is administered once daily. In further preferred embodiments, the single dose of the pharmaceutical composition for use according to the present invention is administered as one single drop to an eye of a subject.

It has been surprisingly found, that the presence of an SFA as described above as a constituent of the liquid vehicle allows for the preparation of the present pharmaceutical composition with beneficial combinations of single dose amounts of latanoprost with composition target dose volumes which are advantageous when compared to known aqueous compositions as described above. Specifically, it is possible to achieve a decrease of the intraocular pressure which is comparable to the decrease achieved by administering the commercial composition Xalatan, which is characterised by a target dose per eye of 1.5 μg and a target dose volume per eye of 30 μl. As shown in FIG. 2 , a composition having for example a target dose per eye of 1.1 μg shows a decrease of the intraocular pressure comparable to that of Xalatan. Further, another advantage of the pharmaceutical composition for the use according to the present invention is that the composition can be administered in considerably lower target dose volumes, compared to the target dose volume of Xalatan.

As an example, in preferred embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition for use according to the present invention is characterized by the comparable low volume of composition to be administered in a single dose per eye (composition target dose volume), such as about 8 μl to about 15 μl, preferably about 10 μl to about 12 μl, more preferably about 11 μl.

Furthermore, one complication associated with the administration of aqueous compositions with a significantly larger drop size is that usually only fraction of the amount of aqueous composition administered topically to the surface of the eye actually stays there. In many cases, some of the comparatively large volume of the aqueous composition immediately leaks from the surface of the eye and is often wiped off. Therefore, a surplus of composition is often necessary to ensure that the therapeutically effective amount of latanoprost actually reaches the eye.

Based on this, the pharmaceutical composition for the use of the present invention allows for a significant reduction of droplet size and target dose volume associated therewith and therefore, as outlined above for a significant reduction of the total daily dose of latanoprost administered for use in the treatment of glaucoma, increased intraocular pressure, ocular hypertension and/or a symptom associated therewith.

In a second aspect, the present invention provides for a kit comprising a pharmaceutical composition according to the first aspect of the invention, namely for use in the prevention or therapy of glaucoma, increased intraocular pressure, ocular hypertension and/or a symptom associated therewith, wherein

-   -   the composition comprises latanoprost and a liquid vehicle         comprising a semifluorinated alkane; and     -   the composition is administered to the eye of a subject; and     -   the amount of latanoprost administered in a single dose per eye         is in the range of from about 0.5 to 1.4 μg,     -   wherein the kit comprises a container for holding the         pharmaceutical composition and a drop dispenser for         administering the composition.

It is to be understood that all embodiments as described in detail above in connection with the pharmaceutical composition for use according to the first aspect of the invention may be comprised by the kit according to this second aspect of the invention.

As understood herein, the drop dispenser may be a dispenser or applicator means which may be mounted, fixed or connected to the container for holding the pharmaceutical composition. Preferably, the drop dispenser is adapted for dispensing a single dose in the form of a single drop of the pharmaceutical composition according to the first aspect of the invention. More preferably, the drop dispenser is adapted for dispensing a single dose of about 8 μl to about 15 μl volume, preferably of about 10 μl to about 12 μl volume or even more preferably is adapted for dispensing a single dose of about 11 μl volume.

The container for holding the pharmaceutical composition as understood herein is preferably of a volume which may hold a single dose, but more preferably of a volume which may hold multiple or a plurality of doses of the composition.

The container and/or the drop dispenser preferably may be manufactured from a thermoplastic material or polymer. In a one embodiment, the container and/or the drop dispenser is manufactured from a thermoplastic material selected from polyethylene and polypropylene.

In one particular embodiment, the drop dispenser is manufactured from a polyethylene material, preferably selected from low density polyethylene and high density polyethylene, and more preferably is manufactured from a high-density polyethylene. In another embodiment, the container is manufactured from a polypropylene or polyethylene material, and more preferably is manufactured from polypropylene.

Preferably, the container has a volume, or an interior space which is at least partially filled with the pharmaceutical composition for use according to the invention. In a further embodiment, the ratio of the volume of the pharmaceutical composition in the container to the total volume of the container is between 0.4 and 0.7. The total volume of the container, as understood herein refers to the total interior volume formed by the interior dimensions of the container. The volume of the pharmaceutical composition in the container refers to the fill volume, i.e. the volume of the pharmaceutical composition held in the container. For example, in a kit comprising a container with a total volume of 3.0 ml, it is preferred that the container holds a volume of 2.0 ml of a pharmaceutical composition according to the invention. Here, the ratio of the volume of the pharmaceutical composition in the container to the total volume of the container would be about 0.7.

Such kits as provided in accordance with these embodiments may improve storage and dispensability (i.e., ease and consistency in dispensing) of the pharmaceutical composition according to the first aspect of the present invention.

In a third aspect, the present invention refers to a method of treating or preventing glaucoma, increased intraocular pressure, ocular hypertension and/or a symptom associated therewith, the method comprising administering to an eye of a subject, preferably to a human with glaucoma, increased intraocular pressure, ocular hypertension or a symptom associated therewith, a composition comprising latanoprost and a liquid vehicle comprising a semifluorinated alkane, wherein the amount of latanoprost administered in a single dose per eye is about 0.5 to 1.4 μg, and wherein said method is therapeutically effective in treating glaucoma, increased intraocular pressure, ocular hypertension and/or a symptom associated therewith.

In a fourth aspect, the present invention provides for a pharmaceutical composition for use in a method of prevention or therapy of glaucoma, increased intraocular pressure, ocular hypertension and/or a symptom associated therewith, wherein the composition comprises latanoprost and a liquid vehicle comprising a semifluorinated alkane, wherein said composition is therapeutically effective in treating or preventing glaucoma, increased intraocular pressure, ocular hypertension and/or a symptom associated therewith when administered in a single dose per eye of about 0.5 to 1.4 μg latanoprost.

In a fifth aspect, the present invention relates to a method of reducing the total daily amount of latanoprost administered to a human for the treatment of glaucoma, increased intraocular pressure, ocular hypertension and/or a symptom associated therewith comprising administering once daily to an eye of said human a composition comprising latanoprost and a liquid vehicle comprising a semifluorinated alkane, preferably comprising latanoprost dissolved in an SFA, wherein the amount of latanoprost administered in a single dose per eye is about 0.5 to 1.4 μg and wherein said method reduces the amount of latanoprost per total daily dose by about 67% to 7% and the amount of latanoprost administered in a single dose per eye is at least as therapeutically effective in treating glaucoma, increased intraocular pressure, ocular hypertension and/or a symptom associated therewith as compared to daily administration of a single drop per eye of an aqueous solution comprising 0.005% (w/v) latanoprost.

In a preferred embodiment of the method according to this fifth aspect of the present invention, the single drop of said composition has a drop volume of about 11 μl and the single drop of said 0.005% (w/v) latanoprost aqueous solution has a drop volume of about 30 μl.

In a further preferred embodiment of the method according to this fifth aspect of the present invention, the systemic exposure to latanoprost is reduced as compared to daily administration of a single drop of 0.005% (w/v) latanoprost aqueous solution.

In a yet further preferred embodiment of the method according to this fifth aspect of the present invention, one or more adverse effects are reduced as compared to daily administration of a single drop of 0.005% (w/v) latanoprost aqueous solution. The term “adverse effects” as used herein means, according to the general meaning, an undesired harmful effect resulting from a medication, in this particular case resulting from topical ocular administration of latanoprost, such as, for example, blurred vision, burning and stinging, conjunctival hyperemia, foreign body sensation, itching, increased (brown) pigmentation of the iris causing (heterochromia), lengthening and thickening of the eyelashes, punctate epithelial keratopathy, cold or upper respiratory tract infections, flu-like syndrome, dry eyes, excessive tearing, eye pain, lid crusting, lid edema, lid erythema (hyperemia), lid pain, photophobia, chest pain, allergic skin reactions, arthralgia, back pain, myalgia, asthma, herpes keratitis, iritis, keratitis, retinal artery embolus, retinal detachment, toxic epidermal necrolysis, uveitis, vitreous hemorrhage from diabetic retinopathy, and/or keratoconus.

In a sixth aspect, the present invention provides for a method of reducing the total daily amount of latanoprost administered to a human for the treatment of glaucoma, increased intraocular pressure, ocular hypertension and/or a symptom associated therewith, the method comprising administering once daily to an eye of a human with glaucoma, increased intraocular pressure, ocular hypertension and/or a symptom associated therewith a single drop of a composition comprising about 0.01% (w/v) latanoprost dissolved in F6H8 or F4H5, wherein said composition is substantially free of water and is substantially free of preservative, wherein the amount of latanoprost administered in a single dose per eye is about 1.1 μg, and wherein said method reduces the amount of latanoprost per total daily dose by about 27% and wherein said method is at least as therapeutically effective in treating glaucoma, increased intraocular pressure, ocular hypertension and/or a symptom associated therewith as compared to a once daily administration of a single drop per eye of an aqueous solution comprising 0.005% (w/v) latanoprost.

It is to be understood that all embodiments as described in detail above in connection with the pharmaceutical compositions for use according to the first aspect of the invention may be applied to the methods according to the third to seventh aspect of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 shows the results of the experimental animal study (dog) further outlined below, in which the pharmacodynamics with regard to intraocular pressure (IOP) after repeated topical ocular administration of latanoprost (0.005% (w/v)) in either F4H5 or F6H8 versus the corresponding semifluorinated alkanes alone has been investigated. The graphs show the development of the mean introcular pressure (IOP) in mmHg over time.

FIG. 2 shows the results of the head to head comparison of a composition comprising latanoprost (0.01% (w/v)) in F6H8 administered to the right eye (OD) of a test animal versus Xalatan® administered to the left eye (OS) of the same test animal as further outlined below. The graphs shows the development of the mean introcular pressure (IOP) in mmHg over time.

The following list of numbered items are embodiments comprised by the present invention:

-   -   1. A pharmaceutical composition for use in the prevention or         therapy of glaucoma, increased intraocular pressure, ocular         hypertension and/or a symptom associated therewith, wherein         -   the composition comprises latanoprost and a liquid vehicle             comprising a semifluorinated alkane; and         -   the composition is administered to the eye of a subject; and         -   the amount of latanoprost administered in a single dose per             eye is in the range of from about 0.5 to 1.4 μg.     -   2. The composition for the use according to item 1, wherein the         semifluorinated alkane is selected from F6H8 and F4H5.     -   3. The composition for the use according to item 1 or 2, wherein         the semifluorinated alkane is F6H8.     -   4. The composition for use according to any one of the preceding         items, wherein the composition is administered to the eye of a         subject topically or by subconjunctival injection.     -   5. The composition for use according to any one of the preceding         items, wherein the composition is administered topically to the         eye of a subject.     -   6. The composition for use according to any one of items 1 to 4,         wherein the composition is administered to the eye of a subject         by subconjunctival injection.     -   7. The composition for the use according to any one of the         preceding items, wherein the composition further comprises a         solubilising agent.     -   8. The composition for the use according to item 7, wherein         solubilising agent is selected from ethanol, MCT and DEGEE.     -   9. The composition for the use according to item 7 or 8, wherein         the solubilising agent is comprised in an amount of up to 2.5%         (w/w) with respect to the total weight of the liquid vehicle.     -   10. The composition for the use according to any one of items 7         to 9, wherein the solubilising agent is ethanol.     -   11. The composition for the use according to item 10, wherein         the amount of ethanol is up to 0.5% (w/w) with respect to the         total weight of the liquid vehicle.     -   12. The composition for the use according to any one of the         preceding items, wherein the composition is substantially free         of water and of a preservative.     -   13. The composition for use according to any one of the         preceding items, wherein the composition target dose volume per         eye is from about 8 to 15 μl.     -   14. The composition for the use according to any one of the         preceding items, wherein the composition target dose volume per         eye is from about 10 to 12 μl.     -   15. The composition for the use according to any one of the         preceding items, wherein the composition comprises about 0.005         to 0.015% (w/v), preferably about 0.008 to 0.012% (w/v)         latanoprost.     -   16. The composition for the use according to any one of the         preceding items, wherein the amount of latanoprost administered         in a single dose per eye is in the range of from about 1.0 to         1.2 μg.     -   17. The composition for the use according to any one of the         preceding items, wherein the composition comprises about 0.01%         (w/v) latanoprost, and wherein the latanoprost administered in a         single dose per eye is about 1.1 μg and wherein the composition         target dose volume per eye is about 11 μl.     -   18. The pharmaceutical composition for use according to any one         of the preceding items, wherein the composition essentially         consists of latanoprost dissolved in a liquid vehicle         essentially consisting of at least 99% (w/w) of         1-perfluorobutyl-pentane (CF₃(CF₂)₃—(CH₂)₄CH₃ (F4H5)) and/or         1-perfluorohexyl-octane (CF₃(CF₂)₅—(CH₂)₇CH₃ (F6H8)) and up to         1% (w/w) of ethanol with respect to the total weight of the         liquid vehicle.     -   19. The composition for the use according to any one of the         preceding items, wherein the composition is administered once         daily.     -   20. The pharmaceutical composition for use according to any one         of the preceding items, wherein the single dose of the         composition is administered as one single drop to an eye of a         subject.     -   21. A pharmaceutical composition for use in a method of         prevention or therapy of glaucoma, increased intraocular         pressure, ocular hypertension or a symptom associated therewith,         wherein the composition comprises latanoprost dissolved in a         liquid vehicle comprising a semifluorinated alkane and wherein         the amount of latanoprost administered in a single dose per eye         is in the range between about 0.5 to about 1.4 μg.     -   22. The composition for use according to item 21, wherein the         composition target dose volume per eye is from about 8 to about         15 μl.     -   23. The composition for the use according to item 21 or 22,         wherein the composition comprises about 0.005 to 0.015% (w/v),         preferably about 0.008 to 0.012% (w/v) latanoprost.     -   24. The composition for the use according to any one of items 21         to 23, wherein the latanoprost administered in a single dose per         eye is about 1.0 to 1.2 μg.     -   25. The composition for the use according to any of one of items         21 to 24, wherein the composition target dose volume per eye is         from about 10 to 12 μl.     -   26. The composition for the use according to any of items 21 to         25, wherein the composition further comprises a solubilising         agent, preferably selected from ethanol, MCT and DEGEE.     -   27. The composition for the use according to item 26, wherein         the solubilising agent is comprised in an amount of at most 2.5%         (w/w) with respect to the total weight of the liquid vehicle.     -   28. The composition for the use according to item 26, wherein         the solubilising agent is ethanol.     -   29. The composition for the use according to item 28, wherein         the amount of ethanol is at most 1.0% (w/w), preferably at most         0.5% (w/w) with respect to the total weight of the liquid         vehicle.     -   30. The composition for the use according to any one of items 21         to 29, wherein the composition comprises about 0.01% (w/v)         latanoprost; the latanoprost administered in a single dose per         eye is about 1.1 μg and the target dose volume per eye is about         11 μl.     -   31. The composition for the use according to any one of items 21         to 30, wherein the SFA is one selected from F6H8 and F4H5.     -   32. The composition for the use according to item 31, wherein         the SFA is F6H8.     -   33. The composition for the use according to any one of items 21         to 32, wherein the composition is administered once daily.     -   34. The composition for the use according to any one of items 21         to 33, wherein the composition is substantially free of water         and of preservative.     -   35. A kit comprising a pharmaceutical composition for use         according to any one of the preceding items, wherein the kit         comprises a container for holding the pharmaceutical composition         and a drop dispenser for administering the composition.     -   36. The kit according to item 35, wherein the container for         holding the pharmaceutical composition and the drop dispenser         are adapted for administering about 8 to 15 μl volume of the         composition per drop, preferably 10 to 12 μl volume of the         composition per drop, more preferably 11 μl volume of the         composition per drop.     -   37. A method of treating glaucoma, increased intraocular         pressure, ocular hypertension or a symptom associated therewith,         the method comprising administering to an eye of a human with         glaucoma, increased intraocular pressure, ocular hypertension or         a symptom associated therewith, a composition comprising         latanoprost and a liquid vehicle comprising a semifluorinated         alkane, wherein the latanoprost is preferably dissolved in the         liquid vehicle, wherein the amount of latanoprost administered         in a single dose per eye is about 0.5 to about 1.4 μg, and         wherein said method is therapeutically effective in treating         glaucoma, increased intraocular pressure, ocular hypertension or         a symptom associated therewith.     -   38. The method according to item 37, wherein the composition         target dose volume per eye is from about 8 to about 15 μl.     -   39. The method according to item 37 or 38, wherein the         composition comprises about 0.005 to 0.015% (w/v), preferably         about 0.008 to 0.012% (w/v) latanoprost.     -   40. The method according to any one of items 37 to 39, wherein         the latanoprost administered in a single dose per eye is about         1.0 to 1.2 μg.     -   41. The method according to any one of items 37 to 40, wherein         the composition target dose volume per eye is from about 10 to         about 12 μl, preferably about 11 μl.     -   42. The method according to any one of items 37 to 41, wherein         the composition further comprises a solubilising agent,         preferably selected from ethanol, MCT and DEGEE.     -   43. The method according to any one of items 37 to 42, wherein         the solubilising agent is comprised in an amount of at most 2.5%         (w/w) with respect to the total weight of the liquid vehicle.     -   44. The method according to item 42, wherein the solubilising         agent is ethanol.     -   45. The method according to item 44, wherein the amount of         ethanol is at most 1% (w/w), preferably at most 0.5% (w/w) with         respect to the total weight of the liquid vehicle.     -   46. The method according to any one of items 37 to 45, wherein         the composition comprises about 0.01% w/v latanoprost; the         latanoprost administered in a single dose per eye is about 1.1         μg and the target dose volume per eye is about 11 μl.     -   47. The method according to any of items 37 to 46, wherein the         semifluorinated alkane is one selected from F6H8 and F4H5.     -   48. The method according to item 47, wherein the semifluorinated         alkane is F6H8.     -   49. The method according to any one of items 37 to 48, wherein         the composition is administered once daily.     -   50. The method according to any one of items 37 to 49, wherein         the composition is substantially free of water and of         preservative.     -   51. The method according to item 37, wherein said composition         further comprises up to about 1% (w/w) ethanol.     -   52. The method according to item 37, wherein said composition         consists of latanoprost dissolved in a solution of about 99%         (w/w) F4H5 or F6H8 and about 1% (w/w) ethanol.     -   53. The method according to item 37, wherein said composition         consists of latanoprost dissolved in a solution of at least         about 99% (w/w) F4H5 or F6H8 and up to about 1% (w/w) ethanol.     -   54. The method according to item 37, wherein said composition         further comprises up to about 0.5% (w/w) ethanol.     -   55. The method according to item 37, wherein said composition         consists of latanoprost dissolved in a solution of about 99.5%         (w/w) F4H5 or F6H8 and about 0.5% (w/w) ethanol.     -   56. The method according to item 37, wherein said composition         consists of latanoprost dissolved in a solution of at least         about 99.5% (w/w) F4H5 or F6H8 and up to about 0.5% (w/w)         ethanol.     -   57. A pharmaceutical composition for use in a method of         prevention or therapy of glaucoma, increased intraocular         pressure, ocular hypertension or a symptom associated therewith,         wherein the composition comprises latanoprost and a liquid         vehicle comprising a semifluorinated alkane, wherein the         latanoprost is preferably dissolved in the semifluorinated         alkane, wherein said composition is therapeutically effective in         treating or preventing glaucoma, increased intraocular pressure,         ocular hypertension or a symptom associated thereof when         administered in a single dose per eye of about 0.5 to 1.4 μg         latanoprost.     -   58. The composition for the use according to item 57, wherein         the composition target dose volume per eye is from 8 to 15 μl.     -   59. The composition for the use according to item 57, wherein         the composition comprises about 0.005 to 0.015% (w/v),         preferably about 0.008 to 0.012% (w/v) latanoprost.     -   60. The composition for the use according to item 57, wherein         the latanoprost administered in a single dose per eye is about         1.0 to 1.2 μg.     -   61. The composition for the use according to item 57, wherein         the composition target dose volume per eye is from about 10 to         12 μl.     -   62. The composition for the use according to item 57, wherein         said composition comprises up to about 0.5% (w/w) ethanol.     -   63. The composition for use according to item 57, wherein said         composition consists of latanoprost dissolved in a solution of         about 99.5% (w/w) F4H5 or F6H8 and about 0.5% (w/w) ethanol.     -   64. The composition for use according to item 57, wherein said         composition consists of latanoprost dissolved in a solution of         at least about 99.5% (w/w) F4H5 or F6H8 and up to about 0.5%         (w/w) ethanol.     -   65. The composition for use according to item 57, wherein said         composition further comprises up to about 1% (w/w) ethanol.     -   66. The composition for use according to item 57, wherein said         composition consists of the latanoprost dissolved in a solution         of about 99% (w/w) F4H5 or F6H8 and about 1% (w/w) ethanol.     -   67. The composition for use according to item 57, wherein said         composition consists of latanoprost dissolved in a solution of         at least about 99% (w/w) F4H5 or F6H8 and up to about 1% (w/w)         ethanol.     -   68. The composition for use according to item 57, wherein said         latanoprost is comprised in a concentration of about 0.008% to         0.012% (w/v) and said single dose per eye is about 1.0 to 1.2         μg, preferably 1.1 μg latanoprost and wherein said composition         is substantially free of water and is substantially free of a         preservative.     -   69. The composition for the use according to item 68, wherein         said composition comprises up to about 0.5% (w/w) ethanol.     -   70. The composition for use according to item 68, wherein said         composition consists of latanoprost dissolved in a solution of         about 99.5% (w/w) F4H5 or F6H8 and about 0.5% (w/w) ethanol.     -   71. The composition for use according to item 68, wherein said         composition consists of latanoprost dissolved in a solution of         at least about 99.5% (w/w) F4H5 or F6H8 and up to about 0.5%         (w/w) ethanol.     -   72. The composition for use according to item 68, wherein said         composition further comprises up to about 1% (w/w) ethanol.     -   73. The composition for use according to item 68, wherein said         composition consists of the latanoprost dissolved in a solution         of about 99% (w/w) F4H5 or F6H8 and about 1% (w/w) ethanol.     -   74. The composition for use according to item 68, wherein said         composition consists of latanoprost dissolved in a solution of         at least about 99% (w/w) F4H5 or F6H8 and up to about 1% (w/w)         ethanol.     -   75. A method of reducing the total daily amount of latanoprost         administered to a human for the treatment of glaucoma, increased         intraocular pressure, ocular hypertension or a symptom         associated therewith comprising administering once daily to an         eye of said human a composition comprising latanoprost dissolved         in a liquid vehicle comprising a semifluorinated alkane, wherein         the amount of latanoprost administered in a single dose per eye         is about 0.5 to 1.4 μg and wherein said method reduces the         amount of latanoprost per total daily dose by about 67 to 7% and         is at least as therapeutically effective in treating glaucoma,         increased intraocular pressure, ocular hypertension or a symptom         associated therewith as compared to daily administration of a         single drop per eye of a 0.005% (w/v) latanoprost aqueous         solution.     -   76. The method of reducing the total daily amount of latanoprost         administered to a human for the treatment of glaucoma, increased         intraocular pressure, ocular hypertension or a symptom         associated therewith according to item 75, wherein the single         drop of said composition has a drop volume of about 11 μl and         the single drop of said 0.005% (w/v) latanoprost aqueous         solution has a drop volume of about 30 μl.     -   77. The method of reducing the total daily amount of latanoprost         administered to a human for the treatment of glaucoma, increased         intraocular pressure, ocular hypertension or a symptom         associated therewith according to item 75 or 76, wherein the         systemic exposure to latanoprost is reduced as compared to daily         administration of a single drop of 0.005% (w/v) latanoprost         aqueous solution.     -   78. The method of reducing the total daily amount of latanoprost         administered to a human for the treatment of glaucoma, increased         intraocular pressure, ocular hypertension or a symptom         associated therewith according to any one of items 75 to 77,         wherein one or more adverse effects are reduced as compared to         daily administration of a single drop of 0.005% (w/v)         latanoprost aqueous solution.     -   79. The method of reducing the total daily amount of latanoprost         administered to a human for the treatment of glaucoma, increased         intraocular pressure, ocular hypertension or a symptom         associated therewith according to item 78, wherein the one or         more adverse effects are selected from the group of adverse         effects consisting of blurred vision, burning and stinging,         conjunctival hyperemia, foreign body sensation, itching,         increased (brown) pigmentation of the iris causing         (heterochromia), lengthening and thickening of the eyelashes,         punctate epithelial keratopathy, cold or upper respiratory tract         infections, flu-like syndrome, dry eyes, excessive tearing, eye         pain, lid crusting, lid edema, lid erythema (hyperemia), lid         pain, photophobia, chest pain, allergic skin reactions,         arthralgia, back pain, myalgia, asthma, herpes keratitis,         iritis, keratitis, retinal artery embolus, retinal detachment,         toxic epidermal necrolysis, uveitis, vitreous hemorrhage from         diabetic retinopathy, and keratoconus.     -   80. A method of reducing the total daily amount of latanoprost         administered to a human for the treatment of glaucoma, increased         intraocular pressure, ocular hypertension or a symptom         associated therewith, the method comprising administering once         daily to an eye of a human with glaucoma, increased intraocular         pressure, ocular hypertension or a symptom associated therewith         a single drop of a composition comprising about 0.01% (w/v)         latanoprost dissolved in F6H8 or F4H5, wherein said composition         is substantially free of water and is substantially free of         preservative, wherein the amount of latanoprost administered in         a single dose per eye is about 1.1 μg latanoprost, and wherein         said method reduces the amount of latanoprost per total daily         dose by about 27% and is at least as therapeutically effective         in treating glaucoma, increased intraocular pressure, ocular         hypertension or a symptom associated therewith as compared to a         once daily administration of a single drop per eye of a 0.005%         (w/v) latanoprost aqueous solution.

The following examples serve to illustrate the invention, however, should not to be understood as restricting the scope of the invention.

EXAMPLES Example 1

The study as described below was carried out in order to assess the pharmacodynamics of latanoprost (intraocular pressure, IOP) following repeated topical ocular doses of latanoprost in respectively perfluorobutylpentane (F4H5) and perfluorohexyloctane (F6H8) in normotensive dogs and to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of latanoprost acid in aqueous humor. The dog is a suitable species for evaluating ocular distribution and pharmacodynamics of prostaglandin analogs; this model can also provide quantitative pharmacokinetic data.

Study Setup:

The animals were selected for participation in the study based on overall health, body weight, results of ophthalmic examinations, response to IOP challenge, and the following criteria:

-   -   healthy, normal ocular surface;     -   no invasive ocular procedures for at least one month prior to         the study; particularly procedures involving the cornea or         ocular anterior segment in general;     -   no topical or systemic corticosteroid treatment for at least one         month;     -   washout from prior topical ocular study medication commensurate         with the typical washout period used for clinical studies (at         least one week)

Study Design:

The study was performed according to the plan as summarized in Table 1 below. The topical ocular dose (11 or 30 μl, respectively) was administered to the central or superior part of the cornea via a micropipette and allowed to spread across the surface of the eye. After the dose was administered, the eye was allowed to close naturally. Each animal was restrained for approximately one minute to prevent rubbing of the eyes.

TABLE 1 Number Target of Target Dose Dose Phase/ Female Topical Ocular Dose Regime Level (μg/eye) Volume Dose Group^(a) Animals OD OS OD OS (μL/eye) frequency Prestudy 14 Latanoprost PBS 1.5 0 30 Once 1 Prestudy 14 Latanoprost Latanoprost 1.5 1.5 30 Once 2  1/1 8 A (F4H5) PBS 0 0 11 QD for 7 d  2/1 8 B (0.00125%) B (F4H5) 0.138 0 11 QD for 7 d  3/1 8 C (F4H5) C (0.0025%) 0 0.275 11 QD for 7 d  4/1 8 D (F4H5) D (0.005%) 0 0.550 11 QD for 7 d  5/1 8 E (0.005%) E (F6H8) 0.550 0 11 QD for 7 d  6/1 8 G (F6H8) PBS 0 0 11 QD for 7 d  7/1 8 F (0.005%) F (F4H5) 1.50 0 30 QD for 7 d  8/1 8 H (0.01%) H (F6H8) 1.10 0 11 QD for 7 d  9/1 8 I (F6H8) I (0.015%) 0 1.65 11 QD for 7 d 10/1 8 J (0.01% F6H8 + MCT) J (F6H8 + MCT) 1.10 0 11 QD for 7 d 11/1 8 K (F6H8 + MCT) K (PBS) 0 0 11 QD for 7 d 12/1 8 L (0.01% L (Xalatan ®) 1.10 1.50 11/30 QD for 7 d Latanoprost in F6H8) 13/1 8 M(0.01% Latanoprost L (0.01% 1.10 1.10 11 QD for 7 d (PK,^(b)) in F6H8) Latanoprost in F6H8) 14/1 8 N (F6H8 + DEGEE) N (0.01% 0 1.10 11 QD for 7 d F6H8 + DEGEE) d Days IOP Intraocular pressure OD Right eye OS Left eye PBS Phosphate buffered saline QD Once daily ^(a)There was at least a 7-day washout period between each phase, including prestudy. ^(b)collected from 4 eyes/time point.

The pharmaceutical compositions used in the Phases 1 to 14 were prepared by dissolving latanoprost in the liquid vehicle comprising a semifluorinated alkane.

As an example of the production of the compositions used in the 14 phases, herein described is the preparation of the composition comprising latanoprost 0.005% (w/v) in F6H8 containing 0.5% (w/w) ethanol: 1,625 g ethanol (Seccosolv, Merck, max 0.01% H₂O) are mixed with 324.3 g F6H8 (99.888%, from Lomapharm, GmbH) to yield to a solution having 0.5% (w/w) ethanol. Then 2.558 mg latanoprost (99.5% from Yonsung, South Korea) are dissolved in 50 mL of the F6H8 solution containing 0.5% (w/w) ethanol to yield to a solution comprising 0.005% (w/v) latanoprost.

The compositions administered in the prestudies and in each phase are herein described:

Prestudy 1:

-   -   OD: 0.005% (w/v) Latanoprost Solution;     -   OS: Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)

Prestudy 2:

-   -   OD: 0.005% (w/v) Latanoprost Solution;     -   OS: 0.005% (w/v) Latanoprost Solution;

Phase 1:

-   -   OD: Perfluorobutylpentane containing 0.5% (w/w) Ethanol     -   OS: PBS

Phase 2:

-   -   OD: 0.00125% (w/v) Latanoprost in Perfluorobutylpentane         containing 0.5% (w/w) Ethanol     -   OS: Perfluorobutylpentane containing 0.5% (w/w) Ethanol

Phase 3:

-   -   OD: Perfluorobutylpentane containing 0.5% (w/w) Ethanol     -   OS: 0.0025% (w/v) Latanoprost in Perfluorobutylpentane         containing 0.5% (w/w) Ethanol

Phase 4:

-   -   OD: Perfluorobutylpentane containing 0.5% (w/w) Ethanol     -   OS: 0.005% (w/v) Latanoprost in Perfluorobutylpentane containing         0.5% (w/w) Ethanol

Phase 5:

-   -   OD: 0.005% (w/v) Latanoprost in Perfluorohexyloctane containing         0.5% (w/w) Ethanol     -   OS: Perfluorohexyloctane containing 0.5% (w/w) Ethanol

Phase 6:

-   -   OD: Perfluorohexyloctane containing 0.5% (w/w) Ethanol     -   OS: PBS

Phase 7:

-   -   OD: 0.005% (w/v) Latanoprost in Perfluorobutylpentane containing         0.5% (w/w) Ethanol     -   OS: Perfluorobutylpentane containing 0.5% (w/w) Ethanol

Phase 8:

-   -   OD: 0.010% (w/v) Latanoprost in Perfluorohexyloctane containing         0.5% (w/w) Ethanol     -   OS: Perfluorohexyloctane containing 0.5% (w/w) Ethanol

Phase 9:

-   -   OD: Perfluorohexyloctane containing 0.5% (w/w) Ethanol     -   OS: 0.015% (w/v) Latanoprost in Perfluorohexyloctane containing         0.5% (w/w) Ethanol

Phase 10:

-   -   OD: 0.010% (w/v) Latanoprost in Perfluorohexyloctane containing         2.5% (w/w) medium-chain triglycerides (MCT)     -   OS: Perfluorohexyloctane containing 2.5% (w/w) MCT

Phase 11:

-   -   OD: Perfluorohexyloctane containing 2.5% (w/w) MCT     -   OS: PBS

Phase 12:

-   -   OD: 0.010% (w/v) Latanoprost in Perfluorohexyloctane containing         0.5% (w/w) Ethanol     -   OS: Xalatan [0.005% (w/v) Latanoprost Solution]

Phase 13:

-   -   OD: 0.010% (w/v) Latanoprost in Perfluorohexyloctane containing         0.5% (w/w) Ethanol     -   OS: 0.010% (w/v) Latanoprost in Perfluorohexyloctane containing         0.5% (w/w) Ethanol

Phase 14:

-   -   OD: perfluorohexyloctane containing 1.0% (w/w)         2-(2-Ethoxyethoxy) ethanol (DEGEE)     -   OS: 0.010% (w/v) Latanoprost in Perfluorohexyloctane containing     -   1.0% (w/w) 2-(2-Ethoxyethoxy) ethanol

Two weeks prior to phase 1, in the intraocular efficacy prestudy no. 1 (see Table 1, Prestudy 1), a single dose of 30 μl of latanoprost ophthalmic solution 0.005% (w/v) was administered to the right eye (OD) and phosphate buffered saline (PBS) to the left eye (OS) of each animal for an intraocular efficacy challenge. The resulting IOP was measured using a tonometer TonoVet at −1, 0 (immediately predose), 1, 2, 4, 6, 24 and 48 hours postdose.

One week prior to phase 1, in the prestudy intraocular efficacy challenge no. 2 (see Table 1, Prestudy 2), a single dose of 30 μl of latanoprost ophthalmic solution 0.005% (w/v) was administered to both eyes of each animal. The corresponding IOP was measured using a TonoVet at −1, 0 (immediately predose), 4 and 6 hours postdose.

Prestudies 1 and 2 were performed in order to evaluate the IOP response (Prestudy 1) and the similarities between the eyes (prestudy 2). The animals which were responsive to the IOP and showed similarities between the eyes in the response to the treatment were selected for the 14 phases of the study as outlined in Table 1. Additional criteria for the selection of the animals were a baseline intraocular pressure of at least 13 mmHg, a response of at least 15% decrease in IOP from baseline following treatment with Xalatan® and the behavior of the animals during IOP measurement.

After the two prestudy efficacy phases, the animals were subjected to the 14 phases of the study as described in Table 1. The intraocular pressure measurements during the phases 1 to 14, were made on days 1, 2, 3 and 6 at 0 (immediately predose), 4 and 6 hours postdose as well as on day 7 at −1, 0 (immediately predose), 1, 2, 4, 6, 24, and 48 hours postdose. Three readings/eye were taken using a TonoVet.

Ocular irritation scoring during the phases 1 to 14 were made at predose (up to 2 days prior to dosing), on days 1, 2, 3 and 6 at 0 (immediately predose), 4 and 6 hours postdose following IOP measurements; on day 7 at 0 (immediately predose), 4, 6, 24 and 48 hours postdose following IOP measurements. Both eyes were scored/graded using a modified Hackett-McDonald scale technique following IOP measurements. Sporadic findings of irritation were present during dosing sessions; however, there were no apparent differences between dose groups or phases.

Study Analysis:

As shown in FIG. 1 the administration of Latanoprost solution in respectively F4H5 and in F6H8 resulted in a decrease of the intraocular pressure. The latanoprost solutions in F4H5 and F6H8 further comprised 0.5% (w/w) of ethanol.

FIG. 2 refers to phase 12 of the study as outlined in Table 1 and shows the head to head comparison of a composition comprising Latanoprost in F6H8 versus Xalatan®, in which the administration of a solution of Latanoprost in F6H8, having a target dose level of 1.1 jig/eye and a target dose volume of 11 μl/eye, shows a decrease of the IOP comparable to that achieved by instilling Xalatan® having a target dose level of 1.5 μg/eye and a target dose volume of 30 μl/eye. The experimental data shows that by using a composition according to the present invention it is possible to achieve a decrease of the IOP comparable to that of the gold standard Xalatan®, even with using a lower target dose of the active ingredient. Further, the lower target dose can be administered in a volume of for example 11 μl, i.e. in a volume considerably lower than 30 μl, thus allowing a reduction of the amount of composition which is expelled or which it taken up systemically. 

1. A pharmaceutical composition for use in the prevention or therapy of glaucoma, increased intraocular pressure, ocular hypertension and/or a symptom associated therewith, wherein the composition comprises latanoprost and a liquid vehicle comprising a semifluorinated alkane; and the composition is administered to the eye of a subject; and the amount of latanoprost administered in a single dose per eye is in the range of from about 0.5 to 1.4 μg.
 2. The composition for the use according to claim 1, wherein the semifluorinated alkane is selected from F6H8 and F4H5, preferably wherein the semifluorinated alkane is F6H8.
 3. The composition for use according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the composition is administered topically to the eye of a subject.
 4. The composition for use according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the composition further comprises a solubilising agent.
 5. The composition for use according to claim 4, wherein solubilising agent is selected from ethanol, medium chain triglycerides (MCT) and diethylene glycol monoethyl ether (DEGEE).
 6. The composition for use according to claim 4 or 5, wherein the solubilising agent is comprised in an amount of up to 2.5% (w/w) with respect to the total weight of the liquid vehicle.
 7. The composition for use according to any one of claims 4 to 6, wherein the solubilising agent is ethanol.
 8. The composition for use according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the composition is substantially free of water and of a preservative.
 9. The composition for use according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the composition target dose volume per eye is from about 8 to 15 μl, preferably from about 10 to 12 μl.
 10. The composition for use according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the composition comprises about 0.005 to 0.015% (w/v), preferably about 0.008 to 0.012% (w/v) latanoprost.
 11. The composition for use according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the amount of latanoprost administered in a single dose per eye is in the range of from about 1.0 to 1.2 μg.
 12. The composition for use according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the composition comprises about 0.01% (w/v) latanoprost, and wherein the latanoprost administered in a single dose per eye is about 1.1 μg and wherein the composition target dose volume per eye is about 11 μl.
 13. The pharmaceutical composition for use according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the composition comprises latanoprost dissolved in a liquid vehicle essentially consisting of at least 99% (w/w) of 1-perfluorobutyl-pentane (CF₃(CF₂)₃—(CH₂)₄CH₃ (F4H5)) or 1-perfluorohexyl-octane (CF₃(CF₂)₅—(CH₂)₇CH₃ (F6H8)) and up to 1% (w/w) ethanol, with respect to the total weight of the liquid vehicle.
 14. The composition for use according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the composition is administered once daily.
 15. A kit comprising a pharmaceutical composition for use according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the kit comprises a container for holding the pharmaceutical composition and a drop dispenser for administering the composition. 